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In France there are two types of referendum: * At the national level, a legislative referendum on the initiative of President of the French Republic on a proposal by the Cabinet or the Parliament (since 1958 ); * Locally, a local referendum initiative (since 2003). The Constitutional Law of 23 July 2008 provides a shared initiative referendum (organized on the initiative of one-fifth of the members of Parliament, supported by one-tenth of registered voters). == Concept == The referendum is a process used to reclaim democratic ideals, in which "the body of citizens are called to express, through a referendum, an opinion or intention with respect to any measure that other authority has taken or plans to take" (translated),〔Defined by Julien Laferrière 1947; Original text: ''le corps des citoyens est appelé à exprimer, par une votation populaire, son avis ou sa volonté à l'égard d'une mesure qu'une autre autorité a prise ou envisage de prendre.''.〕 which will be acted upon or adopted in case of positive response. The referendum allows only two possible responses: yes (adopt) or no (reject). Terminologically, the word "referendum" rarely appears in the French constitutions before 1958. It was replaced by circumlocutions such as "consultation" or "appeal to the people." Only Article 3 of the Constitution of 27 October 1946 recognized the people's right to a referendum. In the 20th century, it seems necessary to distinguish between referendum, which implies a decision, with the discussion that results in an opinion. In legal literature the informal terms "référendum consultatif" (advisory referendum) and "consultation référendaire" (referendum), depending on whether one focuses on the action or the consequences of the action. All of these uses meet the generic definition given above. However, the jurisprudence of the State Council clearly distinguishes national referendums in which the French people exercise their sovereignty (Articles 11, 89 and 88-5), subject only to the Constitutional Council, and other referendums.〔CE Ass. Oct 30, 1998, Mr. Sarran, Mr. Levacher -. Note that section 88-5 is the result of a constitutional amendment in 2005, which came after the decision of the State Council〕 The technique of a referendum is consistent with the democratic principle to which the republican regime established by the 1958 Constitution has claim: * Art. 2 al. 5. - "(The) principle (of the Republic) is: government of the people, by the people and for the people" The use of referendums at the national level tempers national sovereignty under the constitution, thus mixing the processes of direct democracy and representative democracy: * Art. 3 al. 1. - "The national sovereignty belongs to the people who exercise it through their representatives and by means of a referendum ..." However, the ways of implementing the various referendums and discussions provided for in the current constitution France as in many countries, are a method of semi-direct democracy. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Referendums in France」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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